Microwave
radiometers are passive sensors that receive microwave radiation naturally
emitted by the environment. The strength and the wavelength of the radiation is
fundamentally a function of the temperature and emissivity of the target. The microwave
radiometry works under the principle that all bodies at non-zero Kelvin
temperature ( -273.15 degrees Celsius) emit electromagnetic radiation. The
microwave region spreads across 1 mm to 1 m of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Compared to
visible optical and infrared sensors, the microwave radiometers have the
advantage, specially on the lower part of the spectrum, to pass through the
atmosphere and be able to sense the surface of the Earth, in fact, with low soil
moisture content, they can penetrate the soil ~10cm. On the other side, their
spatial resolution is quite poor ~50 km making them appropriate for global analysis but not regional ones.
A microwave radiometer
consists of an antenna that observes a path. The signal gathered by it is
filtered and amplified, and then displayed as digital data. A radiometer aboard
a satellite can then be used to measure electromagnetic emissions coming from
the atmosphere or the Earth's surface: water vapour, cloud liquid water, rain
rate, sea surface temperature, soil moisture and ice and snow characteristics.
The Windsat is a
radiometer capable to measure the sea surface temperature (SST). It was launched
on 2003 aboard the U.S, Department of Defense Coriollis1 satellite which is on a
near-polar orbit at
an altitude of 840 km. The local ascending node is at 6pm and the common swath
width is approximately 950 km.
A sample of 2014's Global Average Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is presented, specifically the monthly average Global
Sea Temperature of the months of March and September (images 1-2) and a video composition of
the whole of 2014 Average SST by month. Observing the images, apart from the changes of the SST by latitude, one can notice a maximum ice shelf at the Arctic in March vs. a minimum in Antarctica and vice versa in September. In the video, the SST
variations on the two hemispheres are represented. Also the changes at the shelf ice of the Arctic
and Antarctica are perfectly noticeable.
1.WindSat was meant to demonstrate the
capabilities to measure the ocean surface wind vector from space, a key
parameter for short-term weather forecasting, the issuing of timely weather
warnings, and the gathering of general climatological data. In addition, it
affects a broad range of naval missions, including strategic ship movement and
positioning, aircraft carrier operations, aircraft deployment, effective
weapons use, underway replenishment, and littoral operation.
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Image 1. Average SST March 2014 |
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Image 2. Average SST September 2014 |
REFERENCES
http://www.remss.com/
Campbell, J. B. (2002). Introduction to remote sensing. New York [etc.] : Guilford Press. Retrieved from http://cataleg.uab.cat/record=b1622832~S1*cat
Gaiser,
P. W., Member, S., Germain, K. M. S., Member, S., Twarog, E. M., Poe, G. A., Member, S. (2004). The WindSat Spaceborne Polarimetric Microwave Radiometer :
Sensor Description and Early Orbit Performance, 42(11), 2347–2361.